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Today in the Mission Yearbook

African-Americans bless the mission of God from past to present

William Sheppard: Missionary to the Belgian Congo

This article is from the Spring 2017 issue of Mission Crossroads magazine, which is printed and mailed free to subscribers’ homes three times a year by Presbyterian World Mission.

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April 3, 2017

For many, God’s call to mission service is unmistakably clear and based on the universal love of Jesus Christ—a love so deep and so wide that it knows no boundaries.

Early in our Presbyterian history of international mission, William Sheppard took on the challenge of evangelism in a distant, unknown land. His faith helped to build the church; his advocacy for the Congolese changed the world.

Though often neglected today, William Sheppard (1865–1927) was an important black leader and the first African-American to serve as a missionary in central Africa. He played a crucial role in exposing the scandal of Belgian King Leopold II’s plunder  in the Congo, a story revived in popular culture by Adam Hochschild’s 1998 bestseller, “King Leopold’s Ghost.”

Sheppard was born in Waynesboro, Virginia, about a month before the end of the Civil War. At the age of 15, he attended the Hampton (Virginia) Normal and Industrial Institute (later Hampton University) and then Tuscaloosa Theological Institute (later Stillman College) in Alabama, graduating in 1886. After serving for a year at Calvary Presbyterian Church in Montgomery, Alabama, the Presbyterian Church in the U.S. ordained him as a missionary.

The region of the Congo, which had only recently been explored, had caught the attention of King Leopold II of Belgium. The Berlin Conference, held in 1884-85 to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa, officially recognized the king’s rule over the Congo Free State as a personal possession not subject to review by the Belgian government.

Sheppard, who arrived in the Congo in May 1890, was well aware that he was entering a region deadly to Westerners. The rivers and lakes were filled with crocodiles and hippopotami, and the dense forests, with elephants and panthers. No one was safe at home as houses were invaded by scorpions, chigoes (small fleas or “jiggers”) and snakes. Common illnesses included deadly “blackwater fever” and malaria. Sheppard suffered 22 bouts of malaria in his first two years.

The Congolese soon grew to love Sheppard, whom they referred to as “Mundele Ndom.” William Phipps, a recent biographer, has translated this name as “black man with clothes.” Sheppard learned Bushonga, the language of the Kuba, which he described as “highly inflected and musical.”

Sheppard came to appreciate the culture and became a collector of Kuba crafts.

However, he was not a cultural relativist. He opposed belief in witchcraft and such practices as interring live slaves with deceased superiors and the “trial by ordeal” of drinking poison.

Ivory and slaves had been the Congo’s main exports, but Leopold focused on rubber. The mass marketing of bicycles and automobiles in the 1890s greatly increased the demand for rubber and sent prices soaring. When a rubber-producing vine was discovered in the rainforests of Congo in 1890, Leopold forced out the competition and acquired a monopoly on the scarce commodity. By one estimate, the Congo was producing 20,000 tons of crude rubber a year at a 900 percent profit. The high return was due largely to cheap labor.

As word of atrocities leaked out of the Congo in 1896, Leopold responded with sham investigations and hollow promises of reform. The American Presbyterian Congo Mission (APCM) became a whistleblower. In 1899 it directed Sheppard to investigate personally the villages that were purportedly being attacked by the Zappo Zaps, a subtribe of the BaSonga Menos that Leopold’s agents employed in the Kasai district. They were cannibals who filed their teeth to a point, tattooed their faces, and carried poisoned-dipped spears and arrows. Leopold supplied these mercenaries with guns to terrorize the Congolese into harvesting rubber for him.

On encountering the Zappo Zaps, Sheppard feared for this life. He soon discovered, however, that they assumed all foreigners were allied to Leopold, so they did not hesitate to describe their activities to him. Sheppard carried with him a Kodak camera, which was then becoming popular. He took photographs of the atrocities and wrote a damning report.

The APCM hired William Morrison as its legal representative. Morrison, a Presbyterian missionary in the Congo, wrote letters, gave speeches and twisted arms in private. His actions led the British Parliament to pass a unanimous resolution calling on the signers of the Berlin accord of 1885 to take action to protect the Congolese.

In 1904, Sheppard returned home on furlough and, like Morrison, spoke out against the cruelties taking place in the Congo. President Theodore Roosevelt received Sheppard at the White House on January 14, 1905, to hear the case against Leopold. In 1906 the U.S. Senate gave unanimous support for a resolution introduced by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge that called on the president to take measures to end the atrocities in the Congo.

Sheppard returned to the Congo in 1906 and in 1907 wrote an article for a church journal in which he attacked the Kasai Rubber Company, a Belgian contractor, for the degradations occurring in the Kasai basin. The company brought libel charges against him, but they were dropped at the 1909 trial when the prosecution could produce no evidence to support its accusations.

The Belgian legislature ended Leopold’s control of the Congo on November 15, 1908, and issued a new charter that placed the Congo under its control. Amid scandal and disgrace, Leopold died in 1909, several weeks after Sheppard’s trial. During the 25 years of Leopold’s rule in the Congo, the population declined by about 50 percent.

Sheppard returned to the U.S. in 1910 and soon settled in Louisville, Kentucky, where he served as pastor of Grace Presbyterian Church and helped to establish a highly successful settlement house for Louisville’s black population. He died on November 27, 1927.

Michael Parker, coordinator for Europe/Middle East PC(USA) World Mission office, PC(USA) mission co-worker in Egypt, serving as the director of graduate studies at the Evangelical Theological Seminary in Cairo

Today’s Focus:  William Sheppard: Missionary to the Belgian Congo

Let us join in prayer for:

PC(USA) Mission Co-workers

Sara Armstrong, Peru
Rusty Edmondson, Peru
Nadia Ayoub, Ukraine

PC(USA) Agencies’ Staff

Zenia Baker, FDN                                                                        
Rebecca Barnes, PMA                      

Let us pray:

Lord, thank you for the members and leaders of your church who model Christ’s love. We pray that all leaders of church and government will seek first the welfare of the people they serve. Thank you for your presence among us, for multiplying the faithful acts of your people through the mysterious and powerful love of Christ. Amen.

Daily Readings

Morning Psalms 119:73-80; 145
First Reading Jeremiah 24:1-10
Second Reading Romans 9:19-33
Gospel Reading John 9:1-17
Evening Psalms 121; 6